Technical Requirements thiab Referenced Standards for Titanium Alloy Phaj
1. Kev faib khoom thiab qib
Titanium alloy phaj yog dav faib ua plaub pawg raws li lawv cov microstructure thiab alloying muaj pes tsawg leeg. Alpha alloys, xws li Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Qib 6), muaj feem ntau alpha stabilizers xws li txhuas thiab tin. Cov alloys no muaj kev zoo heev weldability thiab creep tsis kam ntawm qhov kub siab, ua rau lawv haum rau airframe qauv thiab kev siv cryogenic. Nyob ze -alpha alloys, suav nrog Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V (Qib 9) thiab Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, suav nrog me me ntawm beta stabilizers thaum tuav cov qauv alpha-dominant. Lawv muab kev txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias rau cov roj turbine cav Cheebtsam.
Alpha-beta alloys sawv cev rau qeb siv dav tshaj plaws, nrog Ti-6Al-4V (Qib 5) ua cov hlau ua haujlwm thoob plaws aerospace, kev kho mob, thiab kev lag luam. Cov hlau no ua tiav qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog, ductility, thiab tawg toughness los ntawm nws ob theem microstructure. Qhov sib txawv nruab nrab qis ntxiv, Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Qib 23), txwv tsis pub oxygen, hlau, thiab hydrogen cov ntsiab lus los txhim kho kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb. Beta alloys xws li Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al thiab Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn tuaj yeem kho kho thiab muaj hnub nyoog kom ua tiav qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov titanium alloys, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim ua ntej kev kho cua sov.
2. Chemical Composition Requirements
Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm titanium alloy daim hlau yuav tsum nruj tswj xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv zoo ib yam thiab corrosion kuj. Rau Ti-6Al-4V (Qib 5), cov ntsiab lus txhuas nyob ntawm 5.50 mus rau 6.75 feem pua, thaum vanadium nyob ntawm 3.50 txog 4.50 feem pua. Hlau yog txwv rau 0.30 feem pua siab tshaj plaws, oxygen mus rau 0.20 feem pua, carbon rau 0.08 feem pua, nitrogen rau 0.05 feem pua, thiab hydrogen rau 0.015 feem pua. Tag nrho ntawm tag nrho cov seem seem yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.40 feem pua.
Rau qib ELI, txhuas yog txwv rau 5.50 rau 6.50 feem pua, hlau rau 0.25 feem pua siab tshaj plaws, oxygen rau 0.13 feem pua, thiab hydrogen rau 0.0125 feem pua. Cov qib kev txo qis no ua rau txhim kho pob txha toughness thiab ductility, uas yog vim li cas qib no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau kev phais phais thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv hauv aerospace. Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Qib 6) tso cai rau txhuas ntawm 4.00 thiab 6.00 feem pua, tin ntawm 2.00 thiab 3.00 feem pua, nrog hlau mus txog 0.50 feem pua thiab hydrogen txog 0.020 feem pua. Cov pa txwv tsis pub sib npaug ntawm tus qauv Ti-6Al-4V ntawm 0.20 feem pua.
3. Mechanical Property Requirements
Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub nyob rau hauv lub longitudinal kev taw qhia, Ti-6Al-4V phaj yuav tsum tau ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus tensile lub zog ntawm 895 MPa, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yield zog ntawm 0.2 feem pua offset ntawm 828 MPa, yam tsawg kawg nkaus elongation ntawm 10 feem pua, thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txo ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm 25 feem pua. ELI variant tswj tib qhov elongation thiab txo qhov yuav tsum tau tab sis nrog txo qis zog me ntsis: 860 MPa yam tsawg kawg nkaus tensile zog thiab 795 MPa yam tsawg kawg nkaus lub zog. Ti-5Al-2.5Sn yuav tsum tau 827 MPa lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus, 759 MPa qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tawm lub zog, thiab sib piv ductility metrics.
Rau qhov kev pabcuam kub siab, Ti-6Al{18}}2Sn-4Zr-2Mo phaj yuav tsum ua kom pom lub zog tensile yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 620 MPa ntawm 315 degrees Celsius, nrog kev nkag siab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 425 degrees Celsius. Fracture toughness sawv cev rau qhov tseem ceeb tsis zoo rau kev tsim kev puas tsuaj. Ti-6Al-4V ELI phaj yuav tsum ua tiav lub dav hlau strain fracture toughness K_IC tsawg kawg yog 75 MPa square cag ntawm meter, thaum Ti-5Al-2.5Sn yuav tsum 55 MPa square cag ntawm meter yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Charpy V-notch cuam tshuam lub zog xav tau yog 20 joules thiab 16 joules feem.
4. Dimensional Tolerances thiab nto tiav
Thickness kam rau ua txawv ntawm phaj thickness. Rau daim hlau mus txog 6.35 millimeters, tus qauv kam rau ua yog ntxiv los yog rho tawm 0.13 millimeters, nrog precision kam rau ua nruj rau ntxiv lossis rho tawm 0.08 millimeters. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 6.35 thiab 25.4 millimeters, tus qauv kam rau ua ntxiv los yog rho tawm 0.25 millimeters, nrog precision ntawm ntxiv lossis rho tawm 0.13 millimeters. Rau cov phaj siab tshaj 25.4 millimeters mus txog 50.8 millimeters, tus qauv kam rau ua yog ntxiv los yog rho tawm 0.38 millimeters thiab precision kam rau ua yog ntxiv lossis rho tawm 0.25 millimeters.
Dav kam rau ua yog ntxiv rau 6.35 millimeters uas tsis muaj kev rho tawm raws li tus qauv, nruj rau ntxiv rau 3.18 millimeters rau qhov tseeb. Ntev ntev yog ntxiv rau 25 millimeters tus qauv, ntxiv rau 13 millimeters precision. Flatness yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 3.2 millimeters ib 'meter' raws li tus qauv yuav tsum tau, los yog 1.6 millimeters ib 'meter' rau precision phaj. Ntug camber yog txwv rau 3.2 millimeters ib 3 meters tus qauv, thiab 1.6 millimeters ib 3 meters precision.
Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav nyob ntawm txoj kev ua. Kub- dov daim hlau yuav tsum ua tiav qhov roughness Ra tsis tshaj 6.3 micrometers. Txias- dov los yog chemically pickled daim hlau yuav tsum Ra tsis tshaj 3.2 micrometers. Precision- daim hlau hauv av xav tau Ra tsis tshaj 1.6 micrometers.
5. Metallurgical Requirements
Lub microstructure ntawm alpha-beta titanium alloy phaj nyob rau hauv lub zeb-annealed mob yuav tsum muaj equiaxed thawj alpha theem faib nyob rau hauv ib tug transformed beta matrix. Nruam nplej ciam teb alpha theem tsis tso cai raws li nws degrades ductility thiab qaug zog kuj. Cov qoob loo loj yuav tsum yog ASTM 5 lossis finer, nrog rau cov khoom tsim tau ua tiav ASTM 6 txog 8. Cov ntaub ntawv alpha, cov pa nyuaj ntawd -enriched nto txheej tsim thaum lub sij hawm siab - kub ua, yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm tag nrho. Kev txheeb xyuas yuav tsum muaj micro-hardness profileing uas qhia tias tsis muaj qhov tawv tawv ntawm qhov chaw, lossis kev kuaj xyuas metallographic lees paub tias tsis muaj alpha{11}}stabilized txheej.
Beta flecks, uas yog thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam ntawm beta-stabilizer enrichment, raug txwv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov dav hlau tseem ceeb. Lawv raug kuaj pom los ntawm macro- tshuaj ntsuam xyuas siv cov reagents tsim nyog. Cov ntsiab lus suav nrog yog ntsuas raws li ASTM E45 Txoj Kev A, nrog rau qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm A2, B2, C2, thiab D2 rau nyias, hnyav, silicate, thiab globular oxide inclusions feem.
6. Tsis yog -Tsim kev puas tsuaj
Kev kuaj ultrasonic yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua daim hlau 6.35 millimeters thiab tuab dua, ua raws li AMS-STD-2154 Class A cov qauv. Tsis muaj qhov qhia tau tias ntau tshaj qhov sib npaug ntawm 3.2-millimeter tiaj-hauv qab lub qhov yog txais. Dye penetrant testing siv rau tag nrho cov chaw tiav ib ASTM E1417, tsis muaj linear indications ntau tshaj 3.2 millimeters ntev. Kev ntsuam xyuas hluav taws xob tau tshwj tseg rau thaj chaw welded lossis kho ib qho ASTM E1742. Kev ntsuas tam sim no tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau kev kuaj ultrasonic ntawm daim hlau nyias hauv qab 6.35 millimeters, tom qab ASTM E426 cov txheej txheem nrog rhiab heev tsim los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov neeg muag khoom.
7. Kev kho cua sov
Mill-cov phaj annealed yog ua tiav ntawm 704 txog 760 degrees Celsius tom qab cua txias. Cov xwm txheej no muab cov khoom sib npaug rau kev siv dav dav. Duplex annealing suav nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm 954 degrees Celsius nrog dej quench, ua raws li 538 degrees Celsius cua txias, txhim kho pob txha toughness rau kev puas tsuaj- qauv tsim. Cov tshuaj kho thiab cov laus phaj ua tiav lub zog siab tshaj plaws los ntawm kev kho mob ntawm 927 degrees Celsius nrog dej quench, ces laus ntawm 538 degrees Celsius rau 4 mus rau 8 teev. Beta annealing ntawm 1010 degrees Celsius nrog cua txias, ua raws li stabilization ntawm 760 degrees Celsius, ua ib tug transformed beta microstructure optimized rau creep kuj nyob rau hauv aerospace engine daim ntawv thov. Kev ntxhov siab ntawm 538 txog 649 degrees Celsius ua raws li kev ua haujlwm lossis kev ua haujlwm.
Txhua qhov kev kho cua sov yuav tsum tshwm sim hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm 10 mus rau qhov rho tawm 3 millibar lossis zoo dua, lossis hauv siab -purity argon cua. Txhua qhov teeb meem alpha tsim thaum kho cua sov yuav tsum raug tshem tawm tag nrho ua ntej kev soj ntsuam zaum kawg.
8. Cov qauv siv tau
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau titanium alloy phaj yog ASTM B265, npog titanium thiab titanium alloy sawb, ntawv, thiab phaj. Tus qauv no txhais cov kev txwv tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov cuab yeej cuab tam yuav tsum tau muaj, qhov ntev ntev, thiab cov kev cai dav dav. ASTM B348 rau cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv tshuab ntxiv.
Rau cov txheej txheem kev sim tshuab, ASTM E8 thiab E8M tswj kev ntsuas nruj ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Kev txheeb xyuas qhov nyuaj ua raws li ASTM E18 rau Rockwell hardness lossis ASTM E10 rau Brinell hardness. Kev ntsuas cov ntsiab lus suav nrog ASTM E45, hloov kho rau titanium alloys. Kev ntsuas cov qoob loo raws li ASTM E112. Micro-hardness profileing ib ASTM E384 kuaj pom cov ntaub ntawv alpha seem. Metallographic qauv npaj thiab etching ua raws li ASTM E3 thiab ASTM E407 feem.
Tsis yog- cov qauv ntsuas kev puas tsuaj suav nrog ASTM E1417 rau kev ntsuas kua dej, ASTM E1742 rau kev kuaj hluav taws xob, thiab ASTM E426 rau kev ntsuas hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm cov khoom nyias. Kev npaj nto thiab descaling kev taw qhia muaj nyob rau hauv ASTM B600.
Aerospace Material Specifications muab cov kev cai nruj dua rau kev ya davhlau- cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb. AMS 4907 npog Ti-6Al-4V phaj nyob rau hauv cov mob annealed. AMS 4911 chaw nyob cov tshuaj kho thiab hnub nyoog Ti-6Al-4V phaj. AMS 4930 qhia tshwj xeeb qis interstitial Ti-6Al-4V phaj. AMS 4940 siv rau Ti-5Al-2.5Sn phaj. AMS 4943 npog Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn beta alloy phaj. AMS 4945 chaw nyob Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V ze-alpha alloy phaj. Ultrasonic soj ntsuam kev lees paub yog txhais hauv AMS-STD-2154.
Cov txheej txheem tub rog qub txeeg qub teg suav nrog MIL-T-9046 rau daim ntawv titanium, sawb, thiab phaj, thiab MIL-T-9047 rau tuav thiab forgings. Kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig ua raws li MIL-STD-810.
Cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb suav nrog ISO 5832-3 rau wrought Ti-6Al-4V alloy phais cog, thiab ISO 5832-10 rau Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy implants. British Standards BS 2TA 2 thiab BS 2TA 11 npog Ti-6Al-4V daim ntawv thiab phaj. German DIN 17850 muab kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau wrought titanium alloys. Japanese JIS H4600 chaw nyob rau nplooj ntawv, daim hlau, thiab strips. Suav teb chaws tus qauv GB / T 3621 thiab tub rog tus qauv GJB 2505A siv rau aviation-qib titanium alloy phaj.
9. Daim ntawv thov -Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb
Aerospace structural applications thov siab -cov ntaub ntawv qaug zog, kev puas tsuaj rau kev tsom xam, thiab Qib A NDT ua raws li AMS 4907, AMS 4911, thiab AMS-STD-2154. Aerospace cav Cheebtsam yuav tsum tau ua kom kub tensile zog, creep resistance pov thawj, thiab thermal stability kuaj ib AMS 4945 thiab ASTM E139.
Cov ntawv thov kev kho mob cog lus rau kev kuaj biocompatibility nrog rau kev soj ntsuam cytotoxicity thiab rhiab heev, nrog rau qib ELI cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua raws li ISO 5832-3, ASTM F136, thiab ASTM F1472. Cov khoom siv tshuaj ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm thiab ua kom pom kev weldability ib ASTM B265, ASTM G28, thiab NACE MR0175 lossis ISO 15156. Marine thiab offshore structures yuav tsum tiv thaiv seawater corrosion thiab ua kom pom kev sib raug zoo nrog cathodic tiv thaiv systems ib ASTM B265 thiab DOSB{{{{1}1}1}DOSV{136}1}}1}1}} thiab DOSV{ Nuclear daim ntawv thov tswj cov neutron absorption cross-section, hluav taws xob ruaj khov, thiab cov ntsiab lus ib puag ncig ntawm ASME Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code Tshooj II Ntu D.
10. Daim ntawv pov thawj thiab cov ntaub ntawv
Txhua qhov ntau lawm yuav tsum tau nrog rau Mill Test Certificate sau cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov txiaj ntsig, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam, cov lej ntsuas kub, thiab qhov ntsuas qhov ntev. Daim ntawv pov thawj no yuav tsum tau ua raws li ASTM B265. Tsis yog- daim ntawv pov thawj kev ntsuas kev puas tsuaj qhia txog ultrasonic, nkag mus, lossis cov duab hluav taws xob nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tus neeg teb xov tooj. Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm metallurgical suav nrog microstructure photomicrographs, ntsuas qhov loj me, thiab suav nrog kev ntsuas rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb. Daim ntawv pov thawj kev kho cua sov sau cov voj voog tsis sib xws, hom huab cua, thiab cov ntaub ntawv teev cov thermocouple calibration. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev taug qab tag nrho tsim cov khoom siv hauv paus, kev ua haujlwm yaj, thiab ua tiav keeb kwm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua raws li aerospace thiab cov cuab yeej kho mob.
